اطلاعات پایه ای در مورد اکتینیدها

Name: Actinium
Symbol: Ac
Atomic Number: 89
Atomic Mass: (227.0) amu
Melting Point: 1050.0 °C (1323.15 K, 1922.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3200.0 °C (3473.15 K, 5792.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 89
Number of Neutrons: 138
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 10.07 g/cm³
Color: Silvery

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 18 Sixth Energy Level: 9 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Ac-225	10.0 days
Ac-226	1.2 days
Ac-227	21.8 years
Ac-228	6.16 hours

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1899
Discoverer: Andre Debierne
Name Origin: From the Greek word aktinos (ray)
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: extremely rare

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Name: Thorium
Symbol: Th
Atomic Number: 90
Atomic Mass: 232.0381 amu
Melting Point: 1750.0 °C (2023.15 K, 3182.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 4790.0 °C (5063.15 K, 8654.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 90
Number of Neutrons: 142
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 11.72 g/cm³
Color: silvery

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 18 Sixth Energy Level: 10 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Th-226	30.6 minutes
Th-227	18.72 days
Th-228	1.91 years
Th-229	7340.0 years
Th-230	75400.0 years
Th-231	1.06 days
Th-232	1.4E10 years
Th-233	22.3 minutes
Th-234	24.1 days

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1828
Discoverer: Jons Berzelius
Name Origin: Thor (Scandinavian god)
Uses: strong alloys, ultraviolet photoelectric cells
Obtained From: monazite, thorite

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Name: Protactinium
Symbol: Pa
Atomic Number: 91
Atomic Mass: 231.03587 amu
Melting Point: 1600.0 °C (1873.15 K, 2912.0 °F)
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 91
Number of Neutrons: 140
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Density @ 293 K: 15.4 g/cm³
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 20 Sixth Energy Level: 9 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Pa-230	17.4 days
Pa-231	32800.0 years
Pa-233	27.0 days
Pa-234	6.69 hours
Pa-234m	1.17 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1917
Discoverer: Fredrich Soddy
Name Origin: From the Greek word protos (first)
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: fission product of uranium, thorium, plutonium

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Name: Uranium
Symbol: U
Atomic Number: 92
Atomic Mass: 238.0289 amu
Melting Point: 1132.0 °C (1405.15 K, 2069.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 3818.0 °C (4091.15 K, 6904.4 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 92
Number of Neutrons: 146
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Density @ 293 K: 18.95 g/cm³
Color: silverish

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 21 Sixth Energy Level: 9 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
U-230	20.8 days
U-231	4.2 days
U-232	70.0 years
U-233	159000.0 years
U-234	247000.0 years
U-235	7.0004E8 years
U-236	2.34E7 years
U-237	6.75 days
U-238	4.47E9 years
U-239	23.5 minutes
U-240	14.1 hours

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1789
Discoverer: Martin Klaproth
Name Origin: After the planet Uranus
Uses: fuel for nuclear reactors
Obtained From: many rocks, large amounts in pitchblende and carnotite

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Name: Neptunium
Symbol: Np
Atomic Number: 93
Atomic Mass: (237.0) amu
Melting Point: 640.0 °C (913.15 K, 1184.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3902.0 °C (4175.15 K, 7055.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 93
Number of Neutrons: 144
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic
Density @ 293 K: 20.45 g/cm³
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 23 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Np-235	1.08 years
Np-236	155000.0 years
Np-236m	22.5 hours
Np-237	2140000.0 years
Np-238	2.11 days
Np-239	2.35 days
Np-240	1.03 hours
Np-240m	7.22 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1940
Discoverer: E.M. McMillan
Name Origin: After the planet Neptune
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Americium
Symbol: Am
Atomic Number: 95
Atomic Mass: (243.0) amu
Melting Point: 994.0 °C (1267.15 K, 1821.2 °F)
Boiling Point: 2607.0 °C (2880.15 K, 4724.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 95
Number of Neutrons: 148
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Density @ 293 K: 13.6 g/cm³
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 25 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Am-240	2.1 days
Am-241	432.7 years
Am-242	16.0 hours
Am-242m	141.0 years
Am-243	7370.0 years
Am-244	10.1 hours
Am-245	2.1 hours
Am-246	39.0 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1945
Discoverer: G.T. Seaborg
Name Origin: After America
Uses: Smoke Detectors
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Curium
Symbol: Cm
Atomic Number: 96
Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu
Melting Point: 1340.0 °C (1613.15 K, 2444.0 °F)
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 96
Number of Neutrons: 151
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Density @ 293 K: 13.511 g/cm³
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 25 Sixth Energy Level: 9 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Cm-241	32.8 days
Cm-242	162.8 days
Cm-243	29.1 years
Cm-244	18.1 years
Cm-245	8500.0 years
Cm-246	4760.0 years
Cm-247	1.56E7 years
Cm-248	348000.0 years
Cm-249	1.1 hours
Cm-250	9700.0 years

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1944
Discoverer: G.T. Seaborg
Name Origin: After Pierre and Marie Curie
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Californium
Symbol: Cf
Atomic Number: 98
Atomic Mass: (251.0) amu
Melting Point: Unknown
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 98
Number of Neutrons: 153
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Density @ 293 K: Unknown
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 28 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Cf-245	44.0 minutes
Cf-246	1.5 days
Cf-247	3.1 hours
Cf-248	334.0 days
Cf-249	351.0 years
Cf-250	13.0 years
Cf-251	900.0 years
Cf-252	2.6 years
Cf-253	17.8 days
Cf-254	60.5 days

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1950
Discoverer: G.T. Seaborg
Name Origin: California (State and University)
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Einsteinium
Symbol: Es
Atomic Number: 99
Atomic Mass: (252.0) amu
Melting Point: Unknown
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 99
Number of Neutrons: 153
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Density @ 293 K: Unknown
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 29 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Es-246	7.7 minutes
Es-248	26.0 minutes
Es-249	1.7 hours
Es-250	8.6 hours
Es-251	1.4 days
Es-252	1.3 years
Es-253	20.5 days
Es-254	276.0 days
Es-254m	1.6 days
Es-255	40.0 days

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1952
Discoverer: Argonne, Los Alamos, University of California
Name Origin: After Albert Einstein
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Mendelevium
Symbol: Md
Atomic Number: 101
Atomic Mass: (258.0) amu
Melting Point: Unknown
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 101
Number of Neutrons: 157
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Density @ 293 K: Unknown
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 31 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Md-250	50.0 seconds

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1955
Discoverer: G.T. Seaborg
Name Origin: After Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Nobelium
Symbol: No
Atomic Number: 102
Atomic Mass: (259.0) amu
Melting Point: Unknown
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 102
Number of Neutrons: 157
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Density @ 293 K: Unknown
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 32 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
No-253	1.7 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1957
Discoverer: Nobel Institute for Physics
Name Origin: After Alfred Nobel
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made

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Name: Lawrencium
Symbol: Lr
Atomic Number: 103
Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu
Melting Point: Unknown
Boiling Point: Unknown
Number of Protons/Electrons: 103
Number of Neutrons: 159
Classification: Rare Earth
Crystal Structure: Unknown
Density @ 293 K: Unknown
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 32 Sixth Energy Level: 9 Seventh Energy Level: 2

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Lr-254	13.0 seconds

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1961
Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso
Name Origin: After Ernest Lawrence
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: Man-made