اطلاعات پایه ای در مورد عناصر گروه سوم اصلی

Name: Boron
Symbol: B
Atomic Number: 5
Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu
Melting Point: 2300.0 °C (2573.15 K, 4172.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2550.0 °C (2823.15 K, 4622.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 5
Number of Neutrons: 6
Classification: Metalloid
Crystal Structure: Rhombohedral
Density @ 293 K: 2.34 g/cm³
Color: brownish

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 2   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 3

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
B-10	Stable
B-11	Stable

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1808
Discoverer: Sir Humphry Davy, J.L Gay-Lussac
Name Origin: From borax and carbon
Uses: heat resistant alloys
Obtained From: kernite

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Name: Aluminum
Symbol: Al
Atomic Number: 13
Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu
Melting Point: 660.37 °C (933.52 K, 1220.666 °F)
Boiling Point: 2467.0 °C (2740.15 K, 4472.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 13
Number of Neutrons: 14
Classification: Other Metals
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 2.702 g/cm³
Color: Silver
British Spelling: Aluminium
IUPAC Spelling: Aluminium

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 3   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 3

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Al-26	730000.0 years
Al-27	Stable
Al-28	2.3 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1825
Discoverer: Hans Christian Oersted
Name Origin: From the Latin word alumen
Uses: airplanes, soda cans
Obtained From: bauxite

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Name: Indium
Symbol: In
Atomic Number: 49
Atomic Mass: 114.818 amu
Melting Point: 156.61 °C (429.76 K, 313.898 °F)
Boiling Point: 2000.0 °C (2273.15 K, 3632.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 49
Number of Neutrons: 66
Classification: Other Metals
Crystal Structure: Tetragonal
Density @ 293 K: 7.31 g/cm³
Color: Silverish

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 5   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 18 Fifth Energy Level: 3

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
In-111	2.8 days
In-113	Stable
In-113m	1.7 hours
In-114	1.2 minutes
In-114m	49.5 days
In-115	4.4E14 years
In-115m	4.5 hours
In-116	14.1 seconds
In-116m	54.2 minutes
In-117	44.0 minutes
In-117m	1.9 hours

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1863
Discoverer: Ferdinand Reich
Name Origin: From the Indigo color seen in its spectrum
Uses: coating of high-speed bearings
Obtained From: by-product of zinc refining

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Name: Thallium
Symbol: Tl
Atomic Number: 81
Atomic Mass: 204.3833 amu
Melting Point: 303.5 °C (576.65 K, 578.3 °F)
Boiling Point: 1457.0 °C (1730.15 K, 2654.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 81
Number of Neutrons: 123
Classification: Other Metals
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Density @ 293 K: 11.85 g/cm³
Color: bluish

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 6   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 18 Sixth Energy Level: 3

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Tl-200	1.08 days
Tl-201	3.03 days
Tl-202	12.23 days
Tl-203	Stable
Tl-204	3.78 years
Tl-205	Stable
Tl-206	4.2 minutes
Tl-207	4.77 minutes
Tl-208	3.05 minutes
Tl-209	2.2 minutes
Tl-210	1.3 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1861
Discoverer: Sir William Crookes
Name Origin: From the Greek word thallos (young shoot)
Uses: rat and ant poisons, detecting infrared radiation
Obtained From: crookesite, hutchinsonite, lorandite