اطلاعات پایه ای در مورد عناصر گروه چهارم اصلی

Name: Carbon
Symbol: C
Atomic Number: 6
Atomic Mass: 12.0107 amu
Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 K, 6332.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 4827.0 °C (5100.15 K, 8720.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 6
Number of Neutrons: 6
Classification: Non-metal
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Density @ 293 K: 2.62 g/cm³
Color: May be black

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 2   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 4

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
C-11	20.3 minutes
C-12	Stable
C-13	Stable
C-14	5730.0 years
C-15	2.5 seconds

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients
Discoverer: Unknown
Name Origin: From the Latin carbo (coal)
Uses: steel, filters
Obtained From: burning with insufficient oxygen

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Name: Silicon
Symbol: Si
Atomic Number: 14
Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu
Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 K, 2570.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 K, 4271.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 14
Number of Neutrons: 14
Classification: Metalloid
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 2.329 g/cm³
Color: grey

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 3   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 4

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Si-28	Stable
Si-29	Stable
Si-30	Stable
Si-31	2.62 hours
Si-32	100.0 years

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1823
Discoverer: Jons Berzelius
Name Origin: From the Latin word silex (flint)
Uses: glass, semiconductors
Obtained From: Second most abundant element. Found in clay, granite, quartz, sand

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Name: Germanium
Symbol: Ge
Atomic Number: 32
Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu
Melting Point: 937.4 °C (1210.55 K, 1719.3201 °F)
Boiling Point: 2830.0 °C (3103.15 K, 5126.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 32
Number of Neutrons: 41
Classification: Metalloid
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 5.323 g/cm³
Color: grayish

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 4   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 4

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Ge-68	270.8 days
Ge-69	1.6 days
Ge-70	Stable
Ge-71	11.4 days
Ge-72	Stable
Ge-73	Stable
Ge-74	Stable
Ge-76	Stable
Ge-77	11.3 hours

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1886
Discoverer: Clemens Winkler
Name Origin: From the Latin word Germania, meaning Germany
Uses: semiconductors
Obtained From: refining of copper, zinc, lead

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Name: Tin
Symbol: Sn
Atomic Number: 50
Atomic Mass: 118.71 amu
Melting Point: 231.9 °C (505.05 K, 449.41998 °F)
Boiling Point: 2270.0 °C (2543.15 K, 4118.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 50
Number of Neutrons: 69
Classification: Other Metals
Crystal Structure: Tetragonal
Density @ 293 K: 7.31 g/cm³
Color: white

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 5   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 18 Fifth Energy Level: 4

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Sn-112	Stable
Sn-113	115.1 days
Sn-114	Stable
Sn-115	Stable
Sn-116	Stable
Sn-117	Stable
Sn-117m	13.6 days
Sn-118	Stable
Sn-119	Stable
Sn-119m	293.0 days
Sn-120	Stable
Sn-121	1.12 days
Sn-121m	55.0 years
Sn-122	Stable
Sn-123	129.2 days
Sn-123m	40.1 minutes
Sn-124	Stable
Sn-125	9.63 days
Sn-125m	9.5 minutes
Sn-126	100000.0 years

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients
Discoverer: Unknown
Name Origin: Latin
Symbol Origin: From the Latin word stannum (tin)
Uses: coating for steel cans
Obtained From: ore cassiterite

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Name: Lead
Symbol: Pb
Atomic Number: 82
Atomic Mass: 207.2 amu
Melting Point: 327.5 °C (600.65 K, 621.5 °F)
Boiling Point: 1740.0 °C (2013.15 K, 3164.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 82
Number of Neutrons: 125
Classification: Other Metals
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 11.34 g/cm³
Color: bluish

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 6   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 18 Sixth Energy Level: 4

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Pb-202	53000.0 years
Pb-203	2.16 days
Pb-204	Stable
Pb-204m	1.12 hours
Pb-205	1.5E7 years
Pb-206	Stable
Pb-207	Stable
Pb-208	Stable
Pb-209	3.25 hours
Pb-210	22.3 years
Pb-211	36.1 minutes
Pb-212	10.64 hours
Pb-214	27.0 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients
Discoverer: Unknown
Name Origin: From the Greek word protos (first)
Symbol Origin: From the Latin word plumbum (lead)
Uses: solder and shielding against radiation, batteries
Obtained From: galena