اطلاعات پایه ای در مورد عناصر گروه اول اصلی

Name: Hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1
Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amu
Melting Point: -259.14 °C (14.009985 K, -434.45203 °F)
Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005 K, -423.166 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 1
Number of Neutrons: 0
Classification: Non-metal
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Density @ 293 K: 0.08988 g/cm³
Color: colorless

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 1   First Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
H-1	Stable
H-2	Stable
H-3	12.3 years

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1766
Discoverer: Henry Cavendish
Name Origin: From the Greek words hudôr (water) and gennan (generate)
Uses: Balloons, metal refining
Obtained From: mines, oil, gas wells

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Name: Lithium
Symbol: Li
Atomic Number: 3
Atomic Mass: 6.941 amu
Melting Point: 180.54 °C (453.69 K, 356.972 °F)
Boiling Point: 1347.0 °C (1620.15 K, 2456.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 3
Number of Neutrons: 4
Classification: Alkali Metal
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 0.53 g/cm³
Color: silvery

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 2   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Li-6	Stable
Li-7	Stable

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1817
Discoverer: Johann Arfvedson
Name Origin: From the Greek word lithos (stone)
Uses: batteries, ceramics, lubricants
Obtained From: passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride, spodumene

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Name: Sodium
Symbol: Na
Atomic Number: 11
Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu
Melting Point: 97.72 °C (370.87 K, 207.9 °F)
Boiling Point: 883 °C (1156 K, 1621 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 11
Number of Neutrons: 12
Classification: Alkali Metal
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 0.971 g/cm³
Color: silvery

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 3   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Na-22	2.6 years
Na-23	Stable
Na-24	14.96 hours

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1807
Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy
Name Origin: soda (Na₂CO₃)
Symbol Origin: From the Latin word natrium (sodium)
Uses: medicine, agriculture
Obtained From: table salts and other foods

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Name: Potassium
Symbol: K
Atomic Number: 19
Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu
Melting Point: 63.65 °C (336.8 K, 146.57 °F)
Boiling Point: 774.0 °C (1047.15 K, 1425.2 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 19
Number of Neutrons: 20
Classification: Alkali Metal
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 0.862 g/cm³
Color: silvery

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 4   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 8 Fourth Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
K-39	Stable
K-40	1.28E9 years
K-41	Stable
K-42	12.4 hours
K-43	22.3 hours

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1807
Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy
Name Origin: potash
Symbol Origin: From the Latin word kalium
Uses: glass, soap
Obtained From: minerals (carnallite)

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Name: Rubidium
Symbol: Rb
Atomic Number: 37
Atomic Mass: 85.4678 amu
Melting Point: 38.89 °C (312.04 K, 102.002 °F)
Boiling Point: 688.0 °C (961.15 K, 1270.4 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 37
Number of Neutrons: 48
Classification: Alkali Metal
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 1.532 g/cm³
Color: silver

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 5   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 8 Fifth Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Rb-81	4.57 hours
Rb-82	2.25 minutes
Rb-83	86.2 days
Rb-84	32.9 days
Rb-85	Stable
Rb-86	18.65 days
Rb-87	4.8E10 years
Rb-88	17.7 minutes
Rb-89	15.44 minutes
Rb-90	2.6 minutes
Rb-90m	4.3 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1861
Discoverer: R. Bunsen
Name Origin: From the Latin word rubidus (red)
Uses: catalyst, photocells
Obtained From: lithium production

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Name: Cesium
Symbol: Cs
Atomic Number: 55
Atomic Mass: 132.90546 amu
Melting Point: 28.5 °C (301.65 K, 83.3 °F)
Boiling Point: 678.4 °C (951.55005 K, 1253.12 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 55
Number of Neutrons: 78
Classification: Alkali Metal
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: 1.873 g/cm³
Color: silver
British Spelling: Caesium
IUPAC Spelling: Caesium

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 6   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 18 Fifth Energy Level: 8 Sixth Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Cs-126	1.6 minutes
Cs-129	1.3 days
Cs-131	9.7 days
Cs-132	6.4 days
Cs-133	Stable
Cs-134	2.1 years
Cs-134m	2.9 hours
Cs-135	2300000.0 years
Cs-136	13.2 days
Cs-137	30.2 years
Cs-138	32.2 minutes
Cs-139	9.3 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1860
Discoverer: Fustov Kirchoff
Name Origin: From the Latin word caesius (sky blue)
Uses: removes air traces in vacuum tubes
Obtained From: pollucite, lepidolite

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Name: Francium
Symbol: Fr
Atomic Number: 87
Atomic Mass: (223.0) amu
Melting Point: 27.0 °C (300.15 K, 80.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 677.0 °C (950.15 K, 1250.6 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 87
Number of Neutrons: 136
Classification: Alkali Metal
Crystal Structure: Cubic
Density @ 293 K: Unknown
Color: Unknown

 

 

Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 7   First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 32 Fifth Energy Level: 18 Sixth Energy Level: 8 Seventh Energy Level: 1

 

Isotopes

Isotope	Half Life
Fr-212	20.0 minutes
Fr-221	4.8 minutes
Fr-222	14.3 minutes
Fr-223	21.8 minutes

 

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1939
Discoverer: Marguerite Perey
Name Origin: After France
Uses: No uses known
Obtained From: decay of actinium